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Posted by : Laila October 20, 2016

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Bang & Olufsen antique phonograph

The phonograph is a device created in 1877 for the mechanical taking and duplication of sound. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The audio vibration waveforms are recorded as matching physical deviations of an spiral groove etched, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a spinning disc or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is in the same way rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove which is therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the documented audio faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air through the flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electronic signal by a transducer, transformed back to sound by the loudspeaker then.

The phonograph was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors got produced devices that may record tones, Edison's phonograph was the first to have the ability to reproduce the registered sound. His phonograph at first recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to sound vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove round the record.

Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the changeover from phonograph cylinders to chiseled discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to nearby the center. Later advancements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its own drive system, the needle or stylus, and the audio and equalization systems.

The disk phonograph record was the dominating audio recording format throughout almost all of the 20th hundred years. From mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply due to rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital tracking formats. Data are a popular format for a few audiophiles and DJs still. Vinyl records are used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of music artists are sometimes re-issued on vinyl fabric.

Usage of terminology is not homogeneous across the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is often called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine as part of a DJ installation, turntables are often called "decks".

The word phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "words") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and cell phone ("distant sound"). The new term might have been inspired by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an ad for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Instructors Relationship tabled a movement to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.

Probably, any device used to track record audio or reproduce recorded sound could be called a type of "phonograph", but in common practice the expressed word has come to mean historic systems of audio saving, regarding audio-frequency modulations of a physical track or groove.

In the overdue 19th and early on 20th generations, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brand names specific to various makers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so considerable use was made of the common term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lip area - a potential source of dilemma both and now then.

In British English, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, that have been unveiled and popularized in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed which it had become a generic term; it's been so used in the UK & most Commonwealth countries since. The term "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records.

"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. After the intro of the softer vinyl documents, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing details) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song details, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).

In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a far more technical term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as with British English.

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