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Luxman antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device created in 1877 for the mechanical taking and reproduction of audio. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are noted as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove etched, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of the revolving disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the surface is likewise rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove which is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the documented audio. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air by way of a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the movements of the stylus are changed into an analogous electrical signal by the transducer, transformed back to audio with a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors experienced produced devices that may record does sound, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to be able to reproduce the registered sound. His phonograph formerly recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a revolving cylinder. A stylus responding to reasonable vibrations produced an along or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove throughout the record.
Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the change from phonograph cylinders to even discs with a spiral groove operating from the periphery to near to the center. Later advancements through the years included improvements to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and sound systems.
The disk phonograph record was the dominant audio taking format throughout most of the 20th century. In the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined because of the rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disk and other digital tracking formats. Records remain a favorite format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still employed by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of musicians are re-issued on vinyl sometimes.
Usage of terminology is not consistent across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is categorised as a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ setup, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "words") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photo ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and mobile phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term might have been affected by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an advertisements for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Teachers Association tabled a movement to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to track record audio or reproduce registered sound could be called a type of "phonograph", however in common practice the indicated expression has come to imply ancient solutions of audio recording, regarding audio-frequency modulations of a physical groove or track.
In the overdue 19th and early 20th centuries, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brand names specific to various producers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so extensive use was manufactured from the universal term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and today.
In British English, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, that have been popularized and released in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had become a generic term; it has been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries ever since. The word "phonograph" was usually limited to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. Following the release of the softer vinyl fabric details, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing details) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song records, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such a system began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a more technological term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as with British English.
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