Garrard Engineering and Manufacturing Company antique phonograph
The phonograph is a tool developed in 1877 for the mechanical taking and duplication of audio. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The audio vibration waveforms are saved as related physical deviations of the spiral groove etched, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of an spinning disc or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the top is in the same way rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated because of it, very faintly reproducing the saved audio. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the movements of the stylus are changed into an analogous electronic signal by the transducer, turned back to sound by the loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors acquired produced devices which could record noises, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to be able to reproduce the documented sound. His phonograph formerly recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet twisted around a spinning cylinder. A stylus responding to sound vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove about the record.
Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the changeover from phonograph cylinders to level discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near to the center. Later advancements through the full years included alterations to the turntable and its own drive system, the stylus or needle, and the equalization and sound systems.
The disk phonograph record was the prominent audio tracking format throughout most of the 20th century. From the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital tracking formats. Files are a favorite format for some audiophiles and DJs still. Vinyl records are still utilized by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of music artists are occasionally re-issued on vinyl fabric.
Usage of terminology is not consistent over the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is often called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ setup, turntables are often called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "tone") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and mobile phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term might have been affected by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times carried an advertising campaign for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Professors Connection tabled a movement to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to track record sound or reproduce noted sound could be called a kind of "phonograph", however in common practice the expressed expression has come to indicate traditional solutions of sound recording, relating audio-frequency modulations of the physical groove or trace.
In the later 19th and early 20th generations, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brand names specific to various makers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so substantial use was manufactured from the general term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lip area - a potential way to obtain misunderstanding both and today then.
In British English, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, which were presented and popularized in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed so it had become a generic term; it's been so used in the united kingdom and most Commonwealth countries since. The word "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. After the release of the softer vinyl fabric documents, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing records) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song records, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such a system began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a more technological term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used just as British English.
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I wonder if any Lyradio combination units from 1922 are known to survive?
ReplyDeleteDoes anyone have a photograph of a spring-wind phonograph by The Chicago Talking Machine Company c1893?
ReplyDeleteI wonder if any Lyradio combination units from 1922 are known to survive?
ReplyDelete