Columbia Phonograph Company antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device developed in 1877 for the mechanised reproduction and tracking of sound. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are noted as equivalent physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of your rotating disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the top is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is also therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the registered sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the movements of the stylus are changed into an analogous electronic signal by the transducer, then transformed back to audio by way of a loudspeaker.
The phonograph was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors acquired produced devices that can record looks, Edison's phonograph was the first to have the ability to reproduce the recorded audio. His phonograph at first recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a spinning cylinder. A stylus responding to sound vibrations produced an along or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove across the record.
In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the move from phonograph cylinders to level discs with a spiral groove jogging from the periphery to nearby the center. Later improvements through the years included alterations to the turntable and its own drive system, the needle or stylus, and the audio and equalization systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio saving format throughout most of the 20th hundred years. From mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply because of the rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital recording formats. Data remain a well liked format for some audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of music artists are re-issued on vinyl fabric sometimes.
Using terminology is not consistent over the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is often called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine within a DJ installation, turntables are often called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The origins were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photo ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and cell phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term might have been affected by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times carried an advertisement for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Instructors Connection tabled a movement to "employ a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to record sound or reproduce registered audio could be called a kind of "phonograph", but in common practice the term has come to indicate historic solutions of acoustics recording, concerning audio-frequency modulations of an physical groove or trace.
In the past due 19th and early on 20th ages, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brands specific to various makers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so considerable use was manufactured from the common term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential way to obtain dilemma both and today then.
In British British, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, which were introduced and popularized in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed which it had turn into a generic term; it's been so used in the united kingdom and most Commonwealth countries since. The term "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. Following the intro of the softer vinyl data, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing documents) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song records, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more complex term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.
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