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Posted by : Laila August 05, 2016

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antique phonograph

The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanised tracking and reproduction of sound. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are noted as equivalent physical deviations of an spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the recorded sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air via a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the motions of the stylus are changed into an analogous electric powered signal by way of a transducer, changed back to sound by way of a loudspeaker then.

The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors had produced devices that could record tones, Edison's phonograph was the first to have the ability to reproduce the saved sound. His phonograph at first recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a revolving cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to appear vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove surrounding the record.

In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the move from phonograph cylinders to toned discs with a spiral groove working from the periphery to close to the center. Later advancements through the entire years included alterations to the turntable and its drive system, the stylus or needle, and the equalization and audio systems.

The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio saving format throughout almost all of the 20th century. From your mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disk and other digital recording formats. Details are still a popular format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of musicians are re-issued on vinyl sometimes.

Usage of terminology is not uniform over the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is often called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine within a DJ set up, turntables tend to be called "decks".

The term phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "speech") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as picture ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and mobile phone ("distant sound"). The new term may have been affected by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times transported an advertising campaign for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Professors Relationship tabled a action to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.

Probably, any device used to track record audio or reproduce recorded sound could be called a type of "phonograph", but in common practice the expressed phrase has come to mean historic systems of sound recording, affecting audio-frequency modulations of any physical track or groove.

In the later 19th and early on 20th ages, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brands specific to various creators of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so sizeable use was made of the generic term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and today.

In British British, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, which were popularized and released in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed it had turn into a generic term; it has been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries ever since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines which used cylinder records.

"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. After the benefits of the softer vinyl information, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing records) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song documents, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such a system began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).

In Australian British, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more specialized term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as with British English.

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Cabinet Edison phonograph in custom mahogany cabinet ; antique helper

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