alphason antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanical recording and duplication of sound. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The audio vibration waveforms are recorded as matching physical deviations of any spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of an spinning disc or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the top is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove which is therefore vibrated because of it, very reproducing the recorded audio faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air by way of a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the motions of the stylus are changed into an analogous electrical power signal by the transducer, modified back into sound by way of a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors experienced produced devices that can record looks, Edison's phonograph was the first to have the ability to reproduce the saved audio. His phonograph originally recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a revolving cylinder. A stylus responding to acoustics vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove around the record.
Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the change from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove operating from the periphery to close to the center. Later advancements through the entire years included changes to the turntable and its own drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and audio systems.
The disk phonograph record was the dominant audio tracking format throughout most of the 20th century. From mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined as a result of rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disk and other digital tracking formats. Details are still a well liked format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are being used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of musicians are re-issued on vinyl fabric sometimes.
Usage of terminology is not consistent across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is named a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ installation, turntables are often called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "speech") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as picture ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and mobile phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been influenced by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times carried an advertisements for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Instructors Connection tabled a movement to "employ a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to record audio or reproduce noted sound could be called a type of "phonograph", however in common practice the indicated phrase has come to signify historic solutions of sound documenting, including audio-frequency modulations of the physical track or groove.
In the overdue 19th and early 20th decades, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brand names specific to various manufacturers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so extensive use was manufactured from the common term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential way to obtain confusion both then and now.
In British English, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, that have been popularized and launched in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had turn into a generic term; it's been so used in the UK & most Commonwealth countries ever since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. After the introduction of the softer vinyl records, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing files) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song files, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a more specialized term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used just as British English.
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