Linn Products antique phonograph
The phonograph is a tool invented in 1877 for the mechanical saving and reproduction of sound. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as related physical deviations of any spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of a revolving disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the surface is likewise rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is also therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the recorded audio faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air by having a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the movements of the stylus are converted into an analogous electrical power signal with a transducer, transformed back into sound with a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors possessed produced devices that can record may seem, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to be able to reproduce the documented audio. His phonograph originally recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a revolving cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to sound vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove about the record.
Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to toned discs with a spiral groove operating from the periphery to near the center. Later improvements through the full years included improvements to the turntable and its drive system, the stylus or needle, and the equalization and sound systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio taking format throughout almost all of the 20th hundred years. Through the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disk and other digital recording formats. Documents remain a popular format for some audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of music artists are re-issued on vinyl sometimes.
Using terminology is not standard across the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine within a DJ setup, turntables are often called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and telephone ("distant sound"). The brand new term might have been influenced by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times transported an advertising campaign for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Educators Association tabled a motion to "hire a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to track record sound or reproduce registered audio could be called a type of "phonograph", but in common practice the word has come to signify traditional technology of acoustics taking, including audio-frequency modulations of any physical track or groove.
In the overdue 19th and early on 20th hundreds of years, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brand names specific to various designers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so considerable use was made of the generic term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and now.
In British English, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, which were popularized and released in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed it had turn into a generic term; it's been so used in the united kingdom & most Commonwealth countries since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. After the benefits of the softer vinyl data, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing documents) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song files, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian British, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more complex term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used just as British English.
Pli selon pli. Pierre Boulez, Halina Lukomska, BBC 69892985 Osta
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