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Luxman antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanised saving and duplication of audio. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are saved as corresponding physical deviations of any spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a spinning disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is likewise rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated because of it, very reproducing the noted audio faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air via a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the movements of the stylus are converted into an analogous electrical signal by way of a transducer, then converted back into sound by a loudspeaker.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors experienced produced devices which could record does sound, Edison's phonograph was the first to have the ability to reproduce the recorded audio. His phonograph at first recorded audio onto a tinfoil sheet twisted around a rotating cylinder. A stylus responding to sensible vibrations produced an along or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove around the record.
Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the changeover from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove jogging from the periphery to near the center. Later improvements through the full years included changes to the turntable and its drive system, the stylus or needle, and the sound and equalization systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio saving format throughout the majority of the 20th hundred years. From the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disk and other digital saving formats. Information are a popular format for some audiophiles and DJs still. Vinyl records are used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of music artists are occasionally re-issued on vinyl fabric.
Using terminology is not uniform over the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is named a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine as part of a DJ setup, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "tone") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The origins were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and cell phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been affected by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an advertising campaign for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Professors Connection tabled a motion to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to record audio or reproduce documented sound could be called a kind of "phonograph", but in common practice the indicated expression has come to signify traditional technologies of sound saving, relating audio-frequency modulations of a physical track or groove.
In the overdue 19th and early 20th ages, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brand names specific to various designers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so considerable use was manufactured from the common term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lip area - a potential source of misunderstanding both and today then.
In British British, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, which were launched and popularized in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had become a generic term; it has been so used in the united kingdom and most Commonwealth countries since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. Following the intro of the softer vinyl fabric files, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing details) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song information, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such something began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian British, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more technical term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.
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