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The phonograph is a device created in 1877 for the mechanised taking and reproduction of sound. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are saved as related physical deviations of a spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of an revolving disc or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the top is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the documented sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air via a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the movements of the stylus are converted into an analogous electro-mechanical signal by a transducer, converted back into audio by the loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors experienced produced devices that may record tones, Edison's phonograph was the first to have the ability to reproduce the recorded sound. His phonograph actually recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a revolving cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to acoustics vibrations produced an along or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove across the record.
Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to chiseled discs with a spiral groove operating from the periphery to nearby the center. Later advancements through the entire years included changes to the turntable and its drive system, the stylus or needle, and the audio and equalization systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio saving format throughout almost all of the 20th hundred years. Through the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disk and other digital taking formats. Files remain a well liked format for some audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still employed by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of music artists are occasionally re-issued on vinyl.
Usage of terminology is not standard across the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is named a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ set up, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "tone of voice") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as picture ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and cell phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been affected by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times transported an advertisements for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Educators Connection tabled a action to "employ a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to record sound or reproduce documented audio could be called a kind of "phonograph", but in common practice the indicated word has come to signify traditional technology of audio recording, regarding audio-frequency modulations of an physical trace or groove.
In the later 19th and early on 20th hundreds of years, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brand names specific to various manufacturers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so substantial use was made of the generic term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and now.
In British English, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, which were popularized and unveiled in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed that it had become a generic term; it's been so used in the united kingdom and most Commonwealth countries ever since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. Following the introduction of the softer vinyl data, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing records) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song files, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian British, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a far more specialized term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used such as British English.
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