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Graphophone antique phonograph
The phonograph is a tool invented in 1877 for the mechanised duplication and recording of audio. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are saved as matching physical deviations of the spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of the rotating disc or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is also therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the saved sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air via a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the movements of the stylus are changed into an analogous electric signal by way of a transducer, altered back to audio with a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors got produced devices that may record may seem, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to have the ability to reproduce the noted sound. His phonograph at first recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a revolving cylinder. A stylus responding to reasonable vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove round the record.
Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the change from phonograph cylinders to chiseled discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near to the center. Later improvements through the entire years included improvements to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the audio and equalization systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio saving format throughout the majority of the 20th hundred years. From the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined as a result of rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disc and other digital recording formats. Details are a well liked format for a few audiophiles and DJs still. Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of music artists are re-issued on vinyl fabric sometimes.
Using terminology is not homogeneous across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ set up, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "tone of voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and phone ("distant sound"). The new term may have been affected by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times carried an advertisements for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Educators Relationship tabled a motion to "employ a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to track record sound or reproduce saved sound could be called a type of "phonograph", but in common practice the term has come to suggest historical solutions of sound taking, concerning audio-frequency modulations of a physical groove or trace.
In the overdue 19th and early 20th decades, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brands specific to various designers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so substantial use was manufactured from the common term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and now.
In British British, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, which were created and popularized in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had become a generic term; it has been so used in the united kingdom & most Commonwealth countries ever since. The word "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. After the benefits of the softer vinyl fabric files, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing data) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song details, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian British, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a more complex term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.
Graphophone; CJ Heppe amp; Son Philadelphia; Columbia Phonograph Co. 1890
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