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Posted by : Laila June 28, 2016

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Bang & Olufsen antique phonograph

The phonograph is a tool developed in 1877 for the mechanised taking and reproduction of audio. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The audio vibration waveforms are registered as equivalent physical deviations of your spiral groove etched, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of the rotating cylinder or disk, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the top is likewise rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove which is therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the saved sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air through the flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the movements of the stylus are converted into an analogous electro-mechanical signal by a transducer, altered back into sound with a loudspeaker then.

The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors got produced devices that can record looks, Edison's phonograph was the first to have the ability to reproduce the saved sound. His phonograph at first recorded audio onto a tinfoil sheet twisted around a spinning cylinder. A stylus responding to acoustics vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove around the record.

Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the move from phonograph cylinders to even discs with a spiral groove working from the periphery to near to the center. Later improvements over time included changes to the turntable and its own drive system, the stylus or needle, and the equalization and audio systems.

The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio saving format throughout the majority of the 20th century. From the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined because of the rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disc and other digital recording formats. Details are a favorite format for a few audiophiles and DJs still. Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of musicians are sometimes re-issued on vinyl fabric.

Usage of terminology is not uniform across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is often called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ set up, turntables are often called "decks".

The term phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "speech") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and phone ("distant sound"). The new term might have been influenced by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an advertising campaign for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Professors Association tabled a motion to "employ a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.

Arguably, any device used to record audio or reproduce documented audio could be called a type of "phonograph", but in common practice the portrayed expression has come to suggest historical systems of sound recording, affecting audio-frequency modulations of a physical groove or track.

In the overdue 19th and early 20th ages, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brands specific to various makers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so considerable use was manufactured from the general term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both and now then.

In British English, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, that have been popularized and presented in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had turn into a generic term; it has been so used in the UK & most Commonwealth countries ever since. The word "phonograph" was usually limited to machines that used cylinder records.

"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. Following the benefits of the softer vinyl information, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing records) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song details, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such something began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).

In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a far more technological term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.

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