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The phonograph is a tool developed in 1877 for the mechanical taking and duplication of sound. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as related physical deviations of any spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a spinning cylinder or disk, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the surface is in the same way rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated because of it, very faintly reproducing the recorded audio. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air by way of a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electronic signal with a transducer, turned back to audio by a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors experienced produced devices that can record does sound, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to be able to reproduce the saved audio. His phonograph formerly recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet twisted around a revolving cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to sound vibrations produced an along or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove surrounding the record.
In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the changeover from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove jogging from the periphery to near the center. Later advancements through the full years included improvements to the turntable and its own drive system, the needle or stylus, and the audio and equalization systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio recording format throughout most of the 20th century. In the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disk and other digital tracking formats. Records are still a well liked format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are being used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of musicians are re-issued on vinyl sometimes.
Usage of terminology is not even across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is often called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixer as part of a DJ installation, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and cell phone ("distant sound"). The new term might have been affected by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an ad for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Professors Relationship tabled a movement to "hire a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to track record sound or reproduce saved audio could be called a type of "phonograph", however in common practice the expressed phrase has come to signify ancient solutions of sound saving, including audio-frequency modulations of a physical groove or trace.
In the past due 19th and early on 20th centuries, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brands specific to various manufacturers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so extensive use was manufactured from the universal term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of bafflement both and today then.
In British British, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, that have been popularized and presented in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed it had become a generic term; it has been so used in the UK & most Commonwealth countries ever since. The word "phonograph" was usually limited to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. After the intro of the softer vinyl fabric files, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing data) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song documents, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such something began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian British, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a more technological term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used such as British English.
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