Goldring antique phonograph
The phonograph is a tool invented in 1877 for the mechanised taking and reproduction of sound. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The audio vibration waveforms are documented as matching physical deviations of a spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of a rotating disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the registered audio. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air through the flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are changed into an analogous electric powered signal by way of a transducer, then transformed back into sound with a loudspeaker.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors had produced devices which could record sounds, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to have the ability to reproduce the documented audio. His phonograph originally recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a revolving cylinder. A stylus responding to sound vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove around the record.
Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the move from phonograph cylinders to chiseled discs with a spiral groove jogging from the periphery to near to the center. Later improvements through the years included improvements to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and sound systems.
The disc phonograph record was the prominent audio tracking format throughout most of the 20th century. Through the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined as a result of rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disc and other digital taking formats. Details are a popular format for some audiophiles and DJs still. Vinyl records are being used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of musicians are occasionally re-issued on vinyl.
Using terminology is not consistent over the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine as part of a DJ set up, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "voice") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The origins were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and telephone ("distant sound"). The brand new term might have been inspired by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an advertisement for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Instructors Connection tabled a action to "employ a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to record sound or reproduce registered audio could be called a type of "phonograph", however in common practice the term has come to signify historical technologies of sound taking, concerning audio-frequency modulations of a physical track or groove.
In the late 19th and early 20th hundreds of years, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brands specific to various makers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so substantial use was manufactured from the generic term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and today.
In British English, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, which were popularized and created in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed so it had become a generic term; it's been so used in the UK & most Commonwealth countries ever since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. Following the introduction of the softer vinyl fabric information, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing files) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song information, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such a system began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian British, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more technological term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used just as British English.
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