Columbia Phonograph Company antique phonograph
The phonograph is a tool developed in 1877 for the mechanical taking and reproduction of sound. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as equivalent physical deviations of an spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of the rotating disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is in the same way rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the saved sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air by way of a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are changed into an analogous electronic signal by the transducer, then altered back into audio by a loudspeaker.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors experienced produced devices that could record tones, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to have the ability to reproduce the documented audio. His phonograph actually recorded audio onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a spinning cylinder. A stylus responding to sound vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove round the record.
Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the change from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove working from the periphery to near the center. Later improvements through the entire years included changes to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the audio and equalization systems.
The disc phonograph record was the prominent audio saving format throughout almost all of the 20th hundred years. From the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined as a result of rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disk and other digital taking formats. Details remain a well liked format for some audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of music artists are re-issued on vinyl sometimes.
Usage of terminology is not standard across the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is categorised as a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine as part of a DJ set up, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "tone of voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The origins were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and cell phone ("distant sound"). The new term might have been inspired by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times transported an advert for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Educators Association tabled a action to "employ a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to track record audio or reproduce registered sound could be called a type of "phonograph", however in common practice the portrayed expression has come to imply ancient technology of sound saving, affecting audio-frequency modulations of any physical track or groove.
In the late 19th and early on 20th ages, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brands specific to various makers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so significant use was manufactured from the common term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lip area - a potential source of dilemma both and today then.
In British British, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, that have been presented and popularized in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had turn into a generic term; it has been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries ever since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. Following the release of the softer vinyl files, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing documents) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song information, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, may also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such a system began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian British, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more specialized term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.
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