Akai (recording) antique phonograph
The phonograph is a tool invented in 1877 for the mechanised recording and reproduction of sound. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The audio vibration waveforms are documented as matching physical deviations of any spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of an spinning cylinder or disc, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the top is likewise rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove which is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the documented sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air through the flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are changed into an analogous electric powered signal by the transducer, then changed back to sound with a loudspeaker.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors possessed produced devices that could record sounds, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to be able to reproduce the recorded audio. His phonograph originally recorded audio onto a tinfoil sheet twisted around a spinning cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to appear vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove around the record.
In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the change from phonograph cylinders to smooth discs with a spiral groove operating from the periphery to close to the center. Later improvements over time included improvements to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and sound systems.
The disk phonograph record was the prominent audio saving format throughout almost all of the 20th hundred years. In the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disk and other digital taking formats. Records are a well liked format for a few audiophiles and DJs still. Vinyl records are still utilized by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of music artists are re-issued on vinyl sometimes.
Usage of terminology is not even across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixing machine within a DJ installation, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "tone of voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The origins were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photo ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and cell phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term might have been affected by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an advert for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Instructors Relationship tabled a motion to "employ a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to record sound or reproduce documented audio could be called a kind of "phonograph", however in common practice the term has come to suggest historical technologies of reasonable tracking, including audio-frequency modulations of an physical track or groove.
In the overdue 19th and early 20th hundreds of years, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brands specific to various makers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so appreciable use was manufactured from the universal term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential way to obtain confusion both then and today.
In British British, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, that have been unveiled and popularized in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed it had turn into a generic term; it has been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries ever since. The term "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. Following the advantages of the softer vinyl fabric details, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing data) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song information, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such something began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a more specialized term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as with British English.
Vintage Capitol Records Phonograph 7839;s Record Player 03/03/2008
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