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The phonograph is a tool created in 1877 for the mechanised duplication and taking of sound. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are saved as equivalent physical deviations of an spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of any rotating disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the top is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated because of it, very reproducing the documented sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air by way of a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electrical power signal with a transducer, then changed back into sound by way of a loudspeaker.
The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors possessed produced devices that can record sounds, Edison's phonograph was the first to be able to reproduce the saved audio. His phonograph actually recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a rotating cylinder. A stylus responding to appear vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove around the record.
In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to even discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near to the center. Later improvements through the entire years included modifications to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and audio systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio recording format throughout most of the 20th century. Through the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply due to rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital tracking formats. Data are a favorite format for some audiophiles and DJs still. Vinyl records are still employed by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of musicians are re-issued on vinyl fabric sometimes.
Using terminology is not consistent over the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is categorised as a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine as part of a DJ installation, turntables are often called "decks".
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "tone") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photo ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and mobile phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been influenced by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an ad for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Instructors Connection tabled a motion to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to track record audio or reproduce registered audio could be called a type of "phonograph", but in common practice the term has come to mean traditional systems of sound taking, regarding audio-frequency modulations of your physical trace or groove.
In the overdue 19th and early 20th ages, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brands specific to various makers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so substantial use was made of the common term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lip area - a potential source of dilemma both and today then.
In British British, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, which were released and popularized in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had become a generic term; it's been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries since. The term "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. Following the release of the softer vinyl details, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing details) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song files, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a far more specialized term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as with British English.
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