Columbia Phonograph Company antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanised taking and duplication of audio. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are noted as matching physical deviations of any spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disk, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is likewise rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the registered sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air via a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are changed into an analogous electronic signal by the transducer, then changed back into sound by way of a loudspeaker.
The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors possessed produced devices which could record noises, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to have the ability to reproduce the recorded audio. His phonograph actually recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet twisted around a revolving cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to acoustics vibrations produced an along or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove across the record.
In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the change from phonograph cylinders to even discs with a spiral groove working from the periphery to near the center. Later improvements through the full years included changes to the turntable and its own drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and audio systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio taking format throughout the majority of the 20th hundred years. In the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined because of the rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disk and other digital taking formats. Data remain a popular format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of musicians are sometimes re-issued on vinyl.
Using terminology is not standard across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is often called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixer as part of a DJ installation, turntables are often called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "tone") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The origins were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photo ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term might have been inspired by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times transported an advert for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Professors Relationship tabled a motion to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to track record sound or reproduce noted audio could be called a kind of "phonograph", however in common practice the expressed term has come to signify ancient systems of audio recording, concerning audio-frequency modulations of an physical trace or groove.
In the past due 19th and early on 20th decades, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brands specific to various producers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so substantial use was manufactured from the common term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and today.
In British British, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, which were popularized and unveiled in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed that it had turn into a generic term; it has been so used in the UK & most Commonwealth countries ever since. The word "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. After the release of the softer vinyl details, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing details) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song details, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a more complex term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used just as British English.
ANTIQPEDIA Columbia BN phonograph 1910
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