Akai (recording) antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanised saving and duplication of sound. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a revolving cylinder or disc, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the surface is in the same way rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the registered audio. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air through the flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the movements of the stylus are changed into an analogous electric powered signal by way of a transducer, changed back to sound by a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors had produced devices which could record sounds, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to have the ability to reproduce the noted sound. His phonograph at first recorded audio onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a spinning cylinder. A stylus responding to reasonable vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove around the record.
Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the changeover from phonograph cylinders to chiseled discs with a spiral groove jogging from the periphery to nearby the center. Later improvements over time included modifications to the turntable and its own drive system, the stylus or needle, and the audio and equalization systems.
The disk phonograph record was the dominating audio taking format throughout almost all of the 20th century. From your mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply because of the rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital saving formats. Data are still a popular format for some audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of musicians are re-issued on vinyl sometimes.
Using terminology is not standard across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine within a DJ installation, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "tone of voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and telephone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been influenced by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times carried an advertising campaign for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Educators Connection tabled a movement to "employ a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to track record sound or reproduce registered audio could be called a type of "phonograph", but in common practice the expressed term has come to indicate historic technologies of audio saving, involving audio-frequency modulations of a physical trace or groove.
In the later 19th and early on 20th centuries, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brand names specific to various designers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so extensive use was made of the common term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and now.
In British English, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, that have been introduced and popularized in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed so it had become a generic term; it's been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. Following the introduction of the softer vinyl fabric records, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing records) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song details, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a more technological term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as with British English.
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