antique phonograph
The phonograph is a tool developed in 1877 for the mechanised reproduction and taking of sound. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are noted as related physical deviations of any spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of the revolving disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is also therefore vibrated because of it, very reproducing the documented sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air by way of a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electronic signal with a transducer, then changed back into sound by a loudspeaker.
The phonograph was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors possessed produced devices that can record does sound, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to have the ability to reproduce the saved sound. His phonograph actually recorded audio onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to sound vibrations produced an along or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove around the record.
Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the change from phonograph cylinders to toned discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to nearby the center. Later improvements through the years included changes to the turntable and its own drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and audio systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio tracking format throughout most of the 20th hundred years. Through the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disk and other digital saving formats. Details remain a well liked format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are being used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of musicians are re-issued on vinyl fabric sometimes.
Using terminology is not consistent over the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixing machine within a DJ setup, turntables are often called "decks".
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "words") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The origins were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as picture ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and telephone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been inspired by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an advertisements for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Educators Association tabled a motion to "hire a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to track record audio or reproduce saved audio could be called a type of "phonograph", however in common practice the portrayed phrase has come to indicate historic systems of audio documenting, affecting audio-frequency modulations of a physical groove or track.
In the past due 19th and early 20th generations, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brands specific to various creators of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so extensive use was manufactured from the generic term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential way to obtain confusion both then and now.
In British English, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, which were popularized and created in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed it had become a generic term; it's been so used in the UK & most Commonwealth countries since. The term "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. Following the release of the softer vinyl files, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing information) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song data, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such a system began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more complex term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.
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