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List of phonograph manufacturers  Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaList of phonograph manufacturers Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/VictorTalkingMachine2008.jpg/220px-VictorTalkingMachine2008.jpg

Garrard Engineering and Manufacturing Company antique phonograph

The phonograph is a tool developed in 1877 for the mechanised recording and duplication of sound. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The audio vibration waveforms are noted as related physical deviations of a spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of any rotating disc or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the top is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the recorded sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air by way of a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electric signal with a transducer, then modified back to audio by way of a loudspeaker.

The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors possessed produced devices which could record may seem, Edison's phonograph was the first to be able to reproduce the recorded sound. His phonograph at first recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a rotating cylinder. A stylus responding to appear vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove surrounding the record.

Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the changeover from phonograph cylinders to chiseled discs with a spiral groove jogging from the periphery to near to the center. Later advancements over time included changes to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and sound systems.

The disc phonograph record was the prominent audio saving format throughout almost all of the 20th century. From the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply because of the rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital taking formats. Information are still a popular format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still utilized by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of music artists are sometimes re-issued on vinyl fabric.

Usage of terminology is not standard across the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is categorised as a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ set up, turntables are often called "decks".

The word phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "words") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as picture ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and telephone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been influenced by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times transported an advertisement for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Instructors Connection tabled a movement to "employ a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.

Arguably, any device used to record audio or reproduce recorded audio could be called a kind of "phonograph", however in common practice the indicated term has come to imply traditional technology of sound saving, involving audio-frequency modulations of a physical groove or track.

In the overdue 19th and early on 20th decades, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brands specific to various makers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so significant use was manufactured from the common term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and now.

In British British, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, which were popularized and introduced in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed it had turn into a generic term; it's been so used in the united kingdom and most Commonwealth countries ever since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines that used cylinder records.

"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. After the release of the softer vinyl fabric details, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing data) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song information, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such a system began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).

In Australian British, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a far more technological term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.

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