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NAD Electronics antique phonograph

The phonograph is a tool invented in 1877 for the mechanical taking and duplication of audio. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The audio vibration waveforms are noted as related physical deviations of your spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of the spinning disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the surface is likewise rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the noted sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air by using a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electric signal with a transducer, then altered back to audio by a loudspeaker.

The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors experienced produced devices that could record tones, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to have the ability to reproduce the recorded sound. His phonograph formerly recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a spinning cylinder. A stylus responding to sensible vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove about the record.

Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to chiseled discs with a spiral groove operating from the periphery to near the center. Later advancements over time included alterations to the turntable and its drive system, the stylus or needle, and the sound and equalization systems.

The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio tracking format throughout almost all of the 20th hundred years. Through the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined because of the rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disk and other digital recording formats. Documents remain a well liked format for some audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of music artists are re-issued on vinyl fabric sometimes.

Using terminology is not standard over the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixer as part of a DJ installation, turntables are often called "decks".

The word phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "speech") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The origins were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and mobile phone ("distant sound"). The new term might have been inspired by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times carried an ad for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Professors Connection tabled a movement to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.

Probably, any device used to track record sound or reproduce registered sound could be called a kind of "phonograph", but in common practice the word has come to indicate historical solutions of sensible taking, regarding audio-frequency modulations of a physical trace or groove.

In the late 19th and early 20th hundreds of years, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brands specific to various producers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so considerable use was made of the universal term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of dilemma both and today then.

In British English, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, which were introduced and popularized in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had turn into a generic term; it's been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines that used cylinder records.

"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. Following the introduction of the softer vinyl information, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing details) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song information, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such a system began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).

In Australian British, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more complex term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used just as British English.

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