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Bang & Olufsen antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device developed in 1877 for the mechanised duplication and taking of audio. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The audio vibration waveforms are recorded as matching physical deviations of any spiral groove etched, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of any revolving disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the top is in the same way rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the saved sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air by using a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the movements of the stylus are converted into an analogous electric powered signal by a transducer, changed back to audio by the loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors experienced produced devices that can record tones, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to be able to reproduce the saved sound. His phonograph actually recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet twisted around a spinning cylinder. A stylus responding to acoustics vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove around the record.
In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to even discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near to the center. Later advancements through the years included changes to the turntable and its own drive system, the stylus or needle, and the sound and equalization systems.
The disk phonograph record was the dominating audio taking format throughout the majority of the 20th hundred years. In the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital recording formats. Data remain a favorite format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still utilized by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of music artists are re-issued on vinyl fabric sometimes.
Usage of terminology is not standard over the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is categorised as a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixing machine within a DJ setup, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "tone") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as picture ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been inspired by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which described something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an advertising campaign for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Teachers Association tabled a action to "employ a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to record sound or reproduce documented sound could be called a type of "phonograph", however in common practice the word has come to suggest ancient solutions of sound saving, relating audio-frequency modulations of your physical groove or track.
In the overdue 19th and early on 20th ages, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brand names specific to various creators of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so significant use was made of the generic term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to make reference to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and mouth - a potential way to obtain misunderstanding both and now then.
In British English, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, which were introduced and popularized in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had become a generic term; it's been so used in the united kingdom and most Commonwealth countries since. The term "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. After the introduction of the softer vinyl records, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing details) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song files, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such something began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a far more complex term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.
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