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Goldring antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device created in 1877 for the mechanised duplication and recording of audio. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are saved as equivalent physical deviations of an spiral groove etched, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a revolving disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove which is therefore vibrated by it, very reproducing the saved sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air by having a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the movements of the stylus are converted into an analogous electro-mechanical signal by the transducer, modified back into sound by way of a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors had produced devices that may record sounds, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to be able to reproduce the recorded audio. His phonograph formerly recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet twisted around a rotating cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to reasonable vibrations produced an along or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove across the record.
Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to even discs with a spiral groove jogging from the periphery to near to the center. Later improvements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its own drive system, the needle or stylus, and the sound and equalization systems.
The disk phonograph record was the dominating audio taking format throughout almost all of the 20th hundred years. From mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined because of the rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disc and other digital taking formats. Information are still a favorite format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still employed by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of musicians are re-issued on vinyl sometimes.
Usage of terminology is not standard across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is named a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixing machine within a DJ set up, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related conditions gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "tone of voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The origins were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as picture ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and phone ("distant sound"). The new term might have been inspired by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an advertisement for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Teachers Association tabled a movement to "employ a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to record audio or reproduce registered sound could be called a kind of "phonograph", but in common practice the term has come to signify traditional systems of reasonable taking, concerning audio-frequency modulations of any physical trace or groove.
In the later 19th and early 20th centuries, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brands specific to various producers of sometimes completely different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so sizeable use was made of the generic term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and today.
In British English, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, that have been launched and popularized in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed that it had become a generic term; it has been so used in the united kingdom & most Commonwealth countries ever since. The word "phonograph" was usually limited to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. Following the introduction of the softer vinyl details, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing records) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song records, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such a system began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a more technical term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as with British English.
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