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Connoisseur antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanised duplication and saving of audio. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are noted as equivalent physical deviations of any spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of a spinning disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the saved sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air via a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electronic signal with a transducer, converted back to sound by a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors got produced devices which could record may seem, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to be able to reproduce the saved audio. His phonograph at first recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a spinning cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to sound vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove about the record.
Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to nearby the center. Later advancements through the entire years included alterations to the turntable and its own drive system, the stylus or needle, and the sound and equalization systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio taking format throughout most of the 20th century. From mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply as a result of rise of the cassette tape, compact disk and other digital saving formats. Details remain a well liked format for some audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are being used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of music artists are re-issued on vinyl fabric sometimes.
Using terminology is not homogeneous over the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ set up, turntables are often called "decks".
The word phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "words") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and telephone ("distant sound"). The new term may have been inspired by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times carried an advertisements for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Educators Association tabled a action to "employ a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to record audio or reproduce registered audio could be called a kind of "phonograph", however in common practice the word has come to signify historic systems of reasonable recording, including audio-frequency modulations of an physical track or groove.
In the past due 19th and early on 20th generations, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brands specific to various designers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so appreciable use was made of the common term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and mouth - a potential way to obtain misunderstandings both and today then.
In British English, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, that have been popularized and presented in the united kingdom by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed which it had become a generic term; it has been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries ever since. The word "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. After the advantages of the softer vinyl data, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing information) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song documents, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such something began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a more technological term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used just as British English.
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