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The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanical tracking and reproduction of audio. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are noted as related physical deviations of any spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of your rotating cylinder or disc, called a "record". To recreate the audio, the surface is in the same way rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the registered sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the movements of the stylus are converted into an analogous electrical power signal by the transducer, then turned back to audio with a loudspeaker.
The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors had produced devices that may record looks, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to be able to reproduce the registered audio. His phonograph formerly recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder. A stylus responding to appear vibrations produced an and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil up. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove about the record.
Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the changeover from phonograph cylinders to even discs with a spiral groove operating from the periphery to near to the center. Later improvements through the years included changes to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and sound systems.
The disk phonograph record was the prominent audio taking format throughout most of the 20th hundred years. In the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined because of the rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disk and other digital recording formats. Details are still a popular format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of musicians are sometimes re-issued on vinyl.
Using terminology is not uniform over the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ setup, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "notice" and ???? ph?n? "speech") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as picture ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and cell phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been influenced by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times transported an advertisement for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Professors Connection tabled a action to "hire a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to track record audio or reproduce noted sound could be called a kind of "phonograph", however in common practice the word has come to indicate traditional technologies of reasonable taking, regarding audio-frequency modulations of an physical trace or groove.
In the later 19th and early 20th generations, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brand names specific to various creators of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so significant use was manufactured from the universal term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips - a potential source of confusion both then and today.
In British English, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, that have been created and popularized in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed which it had turn into a generic term; it has been so used in the UK & most Commonwealth countries ever since. The word "phonograph" was usually limited to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. Following the launch of the softer vinyl fabric data, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing information) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song details, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the word; "turntable" was a far more complex term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used just as British English.
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