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The phonograph is a device developed in 1877 for the mechanised recording and reproduction of sound. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are registered as corresponding physical deviations of an spiral groove imprinted, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a revolving disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the top is in the same way rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and it is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the saved sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, lately, turntables), the motions of the stylus are changed into an analogous electrical signal by a transducer, turned back to audio by way of a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors got produced devices that may record does sound, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to have the ability to reproduce the documented sound. His phonograph actually recorded audio onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to sound vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove surrounding the record.
Inside the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the move from phonograph cylinders to smooth discs with a spiral groove jogging from the periphery to nearby the center. Later advancements through the entire years included alterations to the turntable and its own drive system, the stylus or needle, and the audio and equalization systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominating audio saving format throughout almost all of the 20th hundred years. From your mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply due to rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital recording formats. Files are still a well liked format for some audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of musicians are occasionally re-issued on vinyl.
Using terminology is not uniform over the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ installation, turntables tend to be called "decks".
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as picture ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term may have been inspired by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described something of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times carried an advertisement for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Teachers Association tabled a action to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to record audio or reproduce recorded audio could be called a type of "phonograph", however in common practice the indicated phrase has come to indicate traditional solutions of sound documenting, involving audio-frequency modulations of an physical groove or trace.
In the later 19th and early on 20th generations, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brand names specific to various manufacturers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so extensive use was manufactured from the general term "talking machine", in print especially. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and mouth - a potential way to obtain confusion both and now then.
In British English, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disk records, that have been popularized and unveiled in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, but in 1910 an English court decision decreed that it had become a generic term; it has been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries ever since. The term "phonograph" was usually limited to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. Following the release of the softer vinyl data, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing files) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song data, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Usually the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such a system began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian British, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a more technical term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used such as British English.
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