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antique phonograph
The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanised tracking and duplication of sound. In its later forms additionally it is called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are noted as matching physical deviations of any spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of a spinning disc or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the top is likewise rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove which is therefore vibrated because of it, very reproducing the documented sound faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air by having a flaring horn, or right to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electrical signal by the transducer, transformed back to sound by way of a loudspeaker then.
The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors experienced produced devices that could record does sound, Edison's phonograph was the first to have the ability to reproduce the noted sound. His phonograph at first recorded audio onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a spinning cylinder. A stylus responding to sensible vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" groove around the record.
In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to toned discs with a spiral groove working from the periphery to nearby the center. Later improvements through the years included adjustments to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and sound systems.
The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio recording format throughout the majority of the 20th hundred years. From the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply due to rise of the cassette tape, compact disk and other digital tracking formats. Details remain a well liked format for a few audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The initial recordings of music artists are occasionally re-issued on vinyl fabric.
Usage of terminology is not homogeneous over the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is named a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When used in conjunction with a mixing machine as part of a DJ setup, turntables are often called "decks".
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "voice") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photo ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and mobile phone ("distant sound"). The new term may have been inspired by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which described a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times taken an advert for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Educators Relationship tabled a action to "employ a phonographic recorder" to track record its meetings.
Probably, any device used to track record sound or reproduce noted sound could be called a kind of "phonograph", but in common practice the portrayed term has come to indicate traditional solutions of audio saving, relating audio-frequency modulations of any physical track or groove.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and so on were still brand names specific to various producers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disk) machines; so extensive use was manufactured from the generic term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and mouth - a potential way to obtain confusion both and now then.
In British English, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, that have been popularized and presented in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed that this had turn into a generic term; it's been so used in the united kingdom & most Commonwealth countries ever since. The word "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines which used cylinder records.
"Gramophone" generally referred to a wind-up machine. Following the benefits of the softer vinyl information, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing files) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song data, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the common name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might play audiotape cassettes also. From about 1960, such something began to be described as a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).
In Australian English, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more technical term; "gramophone" was limited to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.
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