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IGB Eletrônica antique phonograph

The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanical recording and reproduction of audio. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are documented as matching physical deviations of an spiral groove etched, etched, incised, or impressed in to the surface of a rotating disk or cylinder, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is likewise rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is also therefore vibrated because of it, very reproducing the recorded audio faintly. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves that have been coupled to the open air via a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also called record players (since 1940s) or, most recently, turntables), the movements of the stylus are converted into an analogous electro-mechanical signal by the transducer, then transformed back to sound with a loudspeaker.

The phonograph was developed in 1877 by Thomas Edison. While other inventors possessed produced devices which could record noises, Edison's phonograph was the first ever to have the ability to reproduce the recorded audio. His phonograph originally recorded audio onto a tinfoil sheet covered around a spinning cylinder. A stylus giving an answer to reasonable vibrations produced an along or hill-and-dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s, like the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders, and a cutting stylus that moved laterally in a "zig zag" groove about the record.

Within the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove working from the periphery to close to the center. Later advancements over time included alterations to the turntable and its drive system, the needle or stylus, and the equalization and sound systems.

The disk phonograph record was the dominant audio recording format throughout almost all of the 20th hundred years. In the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined because of the rise of the cassette tape sharply, compact disk and other digital taking formats. Data are a favorite format for a few audiophiles and DJs still. Vinyl records are used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances still. Musicians continue steadily to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of music artists are re-issued on vinyl sometimes.

Using terminology is not homogeneous across the English-speaking world (see below). In newer usage, the playback device is categorised as a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer". When found in conjunction with a mixer within a DJ setup, turntables are often called "decks".

The term phonograph ("sound writing") was produced from the Greek words ???? (phon?, "sound" or "voice") and ????? (graph?, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek ?????? gramma "letter" and ???? ph?n? "tone") and graphophone have similar main meanings. The root base were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photo ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and phone ("distant sound"). The brand new term might have been influenced by the prevailing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 THE BRAND NEW York Times transported an advertising campaign for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the brand new York State Teachers Connection tabled a motion to "hire a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.

Probably, any device used to track record sound or reproduce noted sound could be called a type of "phonograph", however in common practice the expressed expression has come to signify historic technologies of sound recording, including audio-frequency modulations of your physical groove or track.

In the later 19th and early 20th centuries, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone" and the like were still brand names specific to various makers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so considerable use was made of the general term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lip area - a potential source of confusion both and today then.

In British English, "gramophone" may make reference to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, that have been released and popularized in the UK by the Gramophone Company. Originally, "gramophone" was a proprietary trademark of this company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts, however in 1910 an English court decision decreed so it had become a generic term; it has been so used in the united kingdom and most Commonwealth countries ever since. The term "phonograph" was usually restricted to machines which used cylinder records.

"Gramophone" generally described a wind-up machine. Following the release of the softer vinyl files, 33 1/3-rpm LPs (long-playing details) and 45-rpm "single" or two-song files, and EPs (extended-play recordings), the normal name became "record player" or "turntable". Often the home record player was part of something that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1960, such something began to certainly be a "hi-fi" (high-fidelity, monophonic) or a "stereo" (most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s).

In Australian English, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a far more technological term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanised (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in British English.